The research peptide library
58 long-form articles covering clinical trial data, receptor mechanisms, compound stability and 2026 sourcing. Cited and fact-checked. Reference only, not for human consumption.
FLGR-242: What Is Known About the Claimed Follistatin Analogue
FLGR-242 is being talked about in US gym and online circles as a follistatin analogue. There is no published research on it. What is known about follistatin and myostatin, what is not known about FLGR-242, and why the difference matters.
Peptide Supply in Late 2026: Inspections, Freight and Longer Lead Times
US action on imported GLP-1 ingredients, border seizures and new trade rules are documented. Reports of more factory inspections in Shenzhen and of freight forwarders clamping down are not yet confirmed. We separate the two and explain what it means for research lead times.
Survodutide: Glucagon/GLP-1 Dual Agonist, Trials and Status
Survodutide (BI 456906) is Boehringer Ingelheim's glucagon and GLP-1 receptor dual agonist. How it works, the phase 2 and phase 3 results as reported, side effects, and how it compares with mazdutide and retatrutide.
Hexarelin Research: Ghrelin Receptor, CD36 and the Heart
Hexarelin is a synthetic six-amino-acid growth hormone secretagogue that activates the ghrelin receptor and binds CD36. What cell, rodent and human studies show on growth hormone release, other hormones, fading response and the heart, and what is not known.
AOD-9604: The hGH Fragment, Its Failed Trials and FDA Status
AOD-9604, a modified growth hormone fragment: Monash origins, rodent fat studies, the failed phase 2b obesity trial, FDA compounding status and WADA ban.
DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide): Discovery, Human Studies and Open Questions
DSIP, a nine-amino-acid peptide isolated from rabbit blood in 1977, explained: the conflicting animal and human sleep studies, the missing receptor and gene, and its status in 2026.
Oxytocin: Structure, Receptor and What the Research Shows
Oxytocin is a nine-amino acid peptide hormone with an established role in childbirth. A research overview of its structure, receptor, the intranasal behaviour studies that failed to replicate, the brain delivery debate and heat stability.
Amylin and GLP-1 Combinations: CagriSema, Amycretin and What the Trials Show
Why researchers pair amylin analogues with GLP-1 and GIP drugs, what the CagriSema phase 2 and REDEFINE trials reported, where amycretin, eloralintide with tirzepatide and petrelintide stand as of October 2026, and what is still unknown.
BPC-157: What the Published Evidence Actually Shows
An evidence-first review of BPC-157 as of October 2026: who did the research, the rodent findings tissue by tissue, the few small human studies, the proposed mechanisms, and where WADA and the FDA stand.
What the Research Shows on NAD+: Ageing, Precursor Trials and NAD+ Itself
NAD+ is a redox cofactor and the substrate of sirtuins, PARPs and CD38. What the evidence shows on its decline with age, the NR and NMN human trials, NAD+ given directly, and its stability in solution.
Multi-Peptide Blends: What the Combination Evidence Shows
Which peptide combinations have been tested together, from phase 3 trials of cagrilintide with semaglutide to one rat study of BPC-157 with TB-500, why synergy claims need combination studies, and how each component of a blend is measured.
Bronchogen (AEDL): What the Research on the Bronchial Bioregulator Shows
Bronchogen is the tetrapeptide Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu from the Khavinson bioregulator programme. Its sequence and origin, the proposed DNA-binding mechanism, the cell and rat studies, how it differs from Chonluten, and an honest look at the evidence.
Crystagen (EDP): The Thymus-Linked Immune Bioregulator and Its Thin Evidence Base
Crystagen is the tripeptide Glu-Asp-Pro, designed from the calf thymus extract Thymalin and later reported as a minor component of it. Its origin, the proposed mechanism, what the patent and explant studies show, and why the evidence base is very thin.
Ovagen (EDL): A Liver-Derived Bioregulator Studied Mostly in the Kidney
Ovagen is the tripeptide Glu-Asp-Leu, reported from a calf liver extract and patented for liver tissue regeneration, yet most of its indexed studies are in kidney models. Its sequence, origin, proposed mechanism and an honest look at the evidence.
Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly): What the Pineal Bioregulator Research Shows
Epitalon is the tetrapeptide Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly, designed from the pineal extract Epithalamin. What the telomerase, melatonin and lifespan studies found, in which models, and an honest reading of the longevity claims.
Thymalin: What the Thymus Bioregulator Research Shows
Thymalin is not a single peptide but a complex of peptides extracted from calf thymus. What it is, how it relates to the synthetic dipeptides Thymogen and Vilon, what cell, animal and human studies report, and an honest reading of the evidence.
Vilon (Lys-Glu): What the Dipeptide Bioregulator Research Shows
Vilon is the dipeptide Lys-Glu, the smallest of the Khavinson bioregulators and linked to the thymus. Its origin, the proposed DNA binding mechanism, what cell, animal and human studies report, and an honest reading of the evidence.
How to Compare Research Peptide Prices: Cost per mg, Net Content and Purity
A practical guide for laboratory buyers: why the vial price misleads, how to work out cost per mg, why net peptide content changes the sum, what HPLC purity and mass spectrometry each prove, and why endotoxin testing matters.
SLU-915 (SLU-PP-915): The Orally Active Sibling of SLU-PP-332
SLU-915 is shorthand for SLU-PP-915, a synthetic pan-ERR agonist from Saint Louis University. What it is, how it differs from SLU-PP-332, what the cell and mouse studies show, and what remains unknown.
AMPK Activators in Metabolic Research: ATX-304 (O-304) Compared with Metformin, AICAR and MOTS-c
How ATX-304 (O-304), metformin, AICAR and MOTS-c each reach AMPK, why direct versus indirect activation matters, and what cell, rodent and human data exist for each, graded honestly.
AHK-Cu vs GHK-Cu: One Amino Acid Apart, Very Different Evidence
AHK-Cu and GHK-Cu differ by a single amino acid and share a copper-binding motif, but not a literature. A side-by-side comparison of sequence, copper binding, molecular weight, origin, research focus and depth of evidence.
Vesugen (Lys-Glu-Asp): What the Vascular Bioregulator Research Shows
Vesugen is the tripeptide Lys-Glu-Asp, a Khavinson bioregulator linked to blood vessels. Its origin, the proposed gene regulation mechanism, what cell, animal and human studies report, and an honest reading of the evidence.
Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg): What the Brain Bioregulator Research Shows
Pinealon is the tripeptide Glu-Asp-Arg. Despite the name, its research concerns the brain cortex and neurons rather than the pineal gland. Its origin, the proposed mechanism, the cell and rodent findings, and an honest reading of the evidence.
Cortagen (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro): What the Cerebral Cortex Bioregulator Research Shows
Cortagen is the tetrapeptide Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro, derived from a cerebral cortex preparation rather than the adrenal cortex. Its origin, the proposed mechanism, the nerve, brain and gene expression studies, and how far the evidence goes.
Cardiogen (AEDR): The Cardiac Bioregulator and What the Research Shows
Cardiogen (Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg) is a Khavinson tetrapeptide associated with heart tissue. Its sequence, the proposed mechanism, the cell and rodent studies behind it, and an honest look at how limited the evidence is.
Cartalax (AED): The Cartilage Bioregulator and What the Research Shows
Cartalax (Ala-Glu-Asp) is a Khavinson tripeptide associated with cartilage and bone. Its sequence, the proposed mechanism, what the cell and rodent studies report, and where the evidence stops.
Chonluten (EDG): Bronchial Bioregulator Claims Versus the Published Evidence
Chonluten (Glu-Asp-Gly) is usually described as a bronchial bioregulator, yet the few published studies on it did not test airway tissue. What it is, what has been studied, and why the evidence is thin.
Testagen (KEDG): What the Testicular Bioregulator Research Actually Shows
Testagen is the Khavinson tetrapeptide Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly, supplied as a testicular bioregulator. Its sequence, origin and proposed mechanism, and an honest look at a very thin evidence base, most of which never examined testicular tissue.
Livagen (KEDA): What the Liver Bioregulator Research Actually Shows
Livagen is the Khavinson tetrapeptide Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala, designed from calf liver peptide extracts. Its sequence, origin and proposed chromatin mechanism, what the cell, rat and patent data actually report, and how much weight the evidence will bear.
Prostamax (KEDP): What the Prostate Bioregulator Research Actually Shows
Prostamax is the Khavinson tetrapeptide Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro, the synthetic successor to the prostate extract Prostatilen. Its sequence, origin and proposed mechanism, what the cell, organ culture and patent data report, and an honest view of how thin the evidence is.
Cagrilintide (AM833): Long-Acting Amylin Analogue Research and CagriSema Trial Data
Cagrilintide is a lipidated, long-acting amylin analogue that activates both amylin and calcitonin receptors. How it was engineered, its receptor profile, and what the published monotherapy and CagriSema trials report.
CJC-1295 and Ipamorelin: Why Research Pairs a GHRH Analogue with a Ghrelin Receptor Agonist
CJC-1295 is a GHRH analogue and ipamorelin a selective ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) agonist. How the two pathways interact, what the drug affinity complex changes, and an honest reading of the human and animal data.
Tesamorelin: What the Research on a Stabilised GHRH Analogue Actually Shows
Tesamorelin is human GHRH with an N-terminal trans-3-hexenoyl group. Its structure, action on the GH/IGF-1 axis, the visceral fat trials behind its US approval, the liver fat and cognition research, and an honest look at the evidence.
5-Amino-1MQ: What the NNMT Inhibitor Research Shows So Far
5-Amino-1MQ is a small-molecule NNMT inhibitor, not a peptide. How NNMT links nicotinamide, SAM and NAD+, what the rodent obesity and muscle ageing studies found, and why there are still no human trials.
KPV and the Melanocortin Anti-Inflammatory Pathway
KPV is the three residue tail of alpha-MSH. What the melanocortin system does, why a fragment retains anti-inflammatory activity without the pigmentation signalling, and how the research literature is structured.
Copper Complexes, Signal Peptides and Neuropeptide Analogues: Three Classes People Keep Confusing
GHK-Cu, AHK-Cu, Matrixyl and SNAP-8 are routinely lumped together as skin peptides. They work by three unrelated mechanisms, and the distinction changes what the literature can and cannot support.
Khavinson Bioregulator Peptides: Origins, Sequences and an Honest Look at the Evidence
A guide to the Khavinson peptide bioregulators: their Soviet military medicine origins, the proposed DNA and chromatin mechanism, a sequence table checked against the primary literature, and an honest reading of the evidence.
BPC-157 vs TB-500: Mechanisms Compared in Tissue Remodelling Research
Mechanistic comparison of BPC-157 and TB-500 as studied in published tissue remodelling literature. Research framing only.
China Peptide Supply Crisis 2026: Retatrutide Coming Back as BPC-157, DOA Notices and What Buyers Need to Know
A wave of mislabelled, substituted and contaminated peptide batches from Chinese contract manufacturers is hitting research suppliers across the UK, EU and US. We break down what is actually happening, why Retatrutide keeps coming back as BPC-157, and how to verify what you have.
FGF21: Fasting-Activated Metabolic Signalling and Cellular Senescence Research
Research overview of FGF21 (fibroblast growth factor 21): fasting-activated signalling, metabolic substrate handling, hepatic lipid biology and cellular senescence endpoints reported in animal models.
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Semaglutide, Tirzepatide and Retatrutide Mechanisms
Receptor pharmacology of GLP-1, GIP and glucagon agonists and the endpoints reported across published clinical programmes. Research framing only.
Humanin: Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide Signalling and Neuroprotection Research
Research overview of humanin, a mitochondrial-derived peptide linked to neuroprotection, insulin sensitivity, and cellular senescence. Mechanisms, animal data, and clinical relevance.
Mazdutide: a dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist, research overview
Research overview of mazdutide (IBI362, LY3305677): oxyntomodulin-based dual GLP-1 and glucagon receptor pharmacology, published clinical programme and citations. Laboratory research framing only.
Bimagrumab and Myostatin Pathway Inhibitors: Mechanisms and Trial Data
Research overview of myostatin pathway inhibitors including bimagrumab and apitegromab: activin receptor biology, lean mass endpoints reported in clinical trials, and development outlook.
Oral GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Formulation Science and the 2026 Pipeline
Oral semaglutide for weight management is licensed in the US and UK, and orforglipron is approved in both. How oral delivery works, and what comes next.
Why Russia Is Ahead of the Game on Cognitive Peptides
Russia has approved multiple cognitive and neuroprotective peptide drugs while Western regulators remain cautious. A review of those approvals and the underlying literature.
Semaglutide: UK Regulatory Status and Published Trial Summary
UK regulatory status of semaglutide and a research-only summary of published mechanism, pharmacokinetics and clinical trial endpoints.
SS-31 (Elamipretide): Cardiolipin Binding and Mitochondrial Function Research
SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeted peptide that binds cardiolipin and is studied for electron transport chain efficiency in cardiac and rare-disease models.
Thymosin Alpha-1: The Immune Peptide Approved in 35+ Countries
Thymosin Alpha-1 is among the most clinically studied peptides, approved in multiple territories for hepatitis indications and investigated as an immune modulator.
Tirzepatide vs Semaglutide: Head-to-Head Comparison (2026)
Mechanistic comparison of tirzepatide and semaglutide: receptor engagement, body-weight reduction endpoints reported in published trials, and adverse events recorded in those trials.
Retatrutide vs Tirzepatide: Efficacy, Mechanism and Availability (2026)
Mechanistic comparison of retatrutide (LY3437943) and tirzepatide: triple versus dual receptor engagement and body-weight reduction endpoints reported in published trials.
Eloralintide (LY3841136): Selective Amylin Agonist Research and Phase 2 Data
Eloralintide (LY3841136) is Eli Lilly's selective amylin receptor agonist studied in obesity research. Phase 2 endpoints, receptor mechanism and the ENLIGHTEN Phase 3 programme.
Bacteriostatic Water as a Diluent for Lyophilised Research Peptides
What bacteriostatic water is, why it is the standard diluent for reconstituting lyophilised research peptides, and how it differs from sterile water.
ARA-290 (cibinetide): innate repair receptor research overview
Research overview of ARA-290 (cibinetide): helix-B derivation from erythropoietin, innate repair receptor and CD131 signalling, and the published clinical programme with verified citations.
Sermorelin (GRF 1-29): growth hormone releasing hormone analogue research overview
Research overview of sermorelin (GRF 1-29): GHRH receptor pharmacology, the truncated 29-residue sequence, published reference literature and how it differs from tesamorelin.
How to Verify a Peptide COA
A practical workflow for checking a peptide certificate of analysis: laboratory identity, verification codes, sample identifiers, method detail and what the HPLC purity figure actually means.
Pen Cartridges: The Testing Nobody Asks About
When research peptide is supplied in a pen, compound purity is only half the question. What a container closure inspection tests, why each item matters, and why a peptide COA tells you none of it.
Why 10mg on the Label Is Not 10mg of Peptide
Lyophilised peptide is supplied as a salt with counter-ions and residual moisture, so gross vial contents and net peptide content are different numbers. What to ask a vendor, with real measured-versus-labelled results.